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Experiments in which CASMs were calibrated while inside neurones by injecting buffers led to the conclusion that the true [Ca2+] i in quiescent voltage clamped snail neurones with injected buffer was 40 nM (equivalent to a CASM VCa of about −140 mV) and that CASMs usually cause a leak at the point of insertion [14].
We compare pain and anxiety associated with peripheral intravenous (IV) cannula insertion after pretreatment with no local anesthesia, 4% lidocaine cream, or subcutaneously injected, buffered 1% lidocaine.
In random order, insertion sites were pretreated with nothing or injected, buffered lidocaine.
Median pain scores were 7 (5 to 8) without local anaesthesia and 1 (1 to 2) with injected, buffered lidocaine.
Pain and anxiety associated with peripheral intravenous insertion is significantly reduced by using topical injected, buffered lidocaine.
In the emergency department or other busy practice setting, injected, buffered lidocaine has the advantage of being immediately effective.
Median anxiety scores were 4 (3 to 7) without local anaesthesia and 2 (1 to 3) with injected, buffered lidocaine.
We compare pain and anxiety associated with peripheral intravenous cannula insertion after pretreatment with no local anaesthesia or subcutaneously injected, buffered 2% lidocaine.
Siblings were injected with injection buffer as controls.
Control ticks were injected with injection buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7, 1 mM EDTA) alone (saline negative control).
To account for injection artifacts, a series of sensorgrams was recorded throughout the experiment after injecting only buffer (blank injections).
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