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Thus, we conclude that TrpA1 activity induced the expression of the motor patterns associated with initiation of flight.
Wing elevation did not precede jumping, which would occur in initiation of flight, but rather the wings remained nestled against the fly's body, reminiscent of the escape response (Card and Dickinson 2008).
Three categories of induced behaviors resembling components of wild-type instinctive behavior were identified using these lines, including egg laying, initiation of flight, and feeding as detailed (Table 7).
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Jumping occurs at initiation of voluntary flight and the execution of the escape response (Card and Dickinson 2008).
We identified strain NP761, which demonstrated a TrpA1-induced behavior resembling initiation of voluntary flight (File S23).
This behavior closely resembled wing-raising that occurs during initiation of voluntary flight (Card and Dickinson 2008) and also during aggressive displays (Kravitz and Huber 2003).
During initiation of voluntary flight, a fly first raises its wings and then contracts its middle leg muscles, which propels the fly into the air while simultaneously performing a down stroke (Card and Dickinson 2008).
The wing-raise behavior that we observed closely resembled wing-raise that occurs during initiation of voluntary flight and also during aggressive displays (Card and Dickinson 2008; Kravitz and Huber 2003).
The secretion of catecholamines appears to be central to the initiation of escape behavior: naïve animals remotely injected with epinephrine immediately increased flight initiation distance, whereas those injected with corticosterone did not.
Multiple researchers collected FID data at each site, however inter-researcher differences in estimation of flight initiation distances of swans is low [ 54].
The neural circuit underlying the TRPM8-induced wing-raise phenotype could be common to both wild-type behavioral acts and may represent the coopting of a previously evolved behavior, such as a component of flight initiation, to serve as an aggressive display, analogous to how some molecules serve divergent cellular roles (Shen and Cowan, 2010).
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