Nitta, M., Kume, T. & Nogawa, H. FGF alters epithelial competence for EGF at the initiation of branching morphogenesis of mouse submandibular gland.
At the mid-developmental time point after the early stages of MEC morphogenesis and initiation of branching are complete, precise control of Cdc42 activity may no longer be crucial and elevated Cdc42 activity may facilitate branch elongation by enhancing MEC migration and invasion.
Stage 1, Inflorescence meristem stage, after initiation of primary branch (i.e. rachis and primary branch meristems); stage 2, early branching stage (panicle with elongated primary and higher order branch development); stage 3, late branching stage (i.e. panicle with elongated primary and secondary branches); stage 4, young flowers with differentiated organs.
For example, cortical MTs mainly affect initiation of trichome branches, and disruption of genes encoding MT-associated proteins usually produces trichomes with abnormal numbers of branches (Oppenheimer et al., 1997; Krishnakumar and Oppenheimer, 1999; Burk et al., 2001; Buschmann et al., 2009; Nakamura and Hashimoto, 2009; Kong et al., 2010).
Maximum crack velocity of approximately 800 m/s is measured before initiation of crack branching.
However, above ≈15 m s−1 the initiation of side-branching moves closer to the dendrite tip with increasing growth velocity.
Turbulence may have affected and interacted with the hot kernel before the initiation of chain-branching reactions occurred.
In particular, specific temporal changes in the expression of certain TGFβ superfamily members (for example Bmp4 during the initiation of ureteric branching morphogenesis in betaglycan+/− metanephroi) may underlie the contrasting phenotypes.
Arp2/3 complex (one of the ARPs) mediates the initiation of new branches on pre-existing filaments.
