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EndoMT is a complex biological process induced by members of the transforming growth factor (TGF-β) family of regulatory polypeptides in which endothelial cells adopt a mesenchymal or myofibroblastic phenotype acquiring motile and contractile properties and initiating expression of mesenchymal cell products such as α smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and type I collagen.
EndoMT is a complex biological process in which endothelial cells lose their specific endothelial cell markers, such as vascular endothelial (VE) cadherin, and acquire a mesenchymal or myofibroblastic phenotype initiating expression of mesenchymal cell products including α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), vimentin, and types I and III interstitial collagens.
Androgen-AR interaction plays an important role in spermatogenesis since AR functions as testosterone-dependent transcription factor, initiating expression of an array of androgen-responsive genes (Chang et al., 1988a; Chang et al., 1988b; Lubahn et al., 1988; Heinlein and Chang, 2002).
EndMT is a complex biological process in which endothelial cells lose their specific endothelial cell markers, such as cluster of differentiation 31 (CD 31) and E-cadherin, and acquire a mesenchymal or myofibroblastic phenotype initiating expression of mesenchymal cell products including fibroblast-specific protein-1 (FSP-1), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and type I interstitial collagens [ 33].
Both spatial and temporal expression were accurately regulated in the ZRS3′del+LACZ/+ lines compared with ZRSwt+LACZ/+, initiating expression at the appropriate stage, ∼E10.5 (Fig. 3B,C), in both fore and hind limb and continuing to E11.5 (Fig. 3D,E).
By gain-of-function experiments we showed that ectopic XMeis3 is capable of inducing expression of Hoxd1, Hoxb4, and Hoxc6, expanding the endogenous expression domains of these genes in early mesoderm, and ectopically initiating expression in dorsal mesoderm.
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After heart tube looping, however, cNkx2.8 is no longer expressed, and cNkx2.3 initiates expression at this stage and continues to express until adulthood [22].
Furthermore, expression analysis using RT-PCR showed that 5-azaC, in both the presence and absence of TSA, could re-initiate expression of SFN while TMEM16a was re-expressed significantly only after the exposure to both drugs.
Therefore the presence of constitutively expressed Pax3 in satellite cells can reduce the proportion of cells that initiate expression of myogenin, and inhibition of Pax3/Pax7 function results in almost complete abrogation of myogenin expression.
The active form of NF-κB translocates into the nucleus, where it initiates expression of genes that encode anti-apoptotic proteins (Fig. 3).
However, not all women may choose to initiate expression, and of those that do continued provision of breast milk may be challenging because of associated maternal anxiety and practical difficulties with expression.
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