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30 The proinflammatory initiating effect is mediated by colonic mononuclear phagocytes of the innate defence system.
Below 30 to 60 ppm the initiating effect of benzene seems to be linear for a large interval of dosages, at least judging from DNA adduct formation.
Experiments are described showing that the initiating effect of carcinogenic chemicals, such as benzo(a pyrene, 7,12-dimethyl-benz(a)anthracene, nitroquinoline oxide and beta-propiolactone, accumulates in a linear, irreversible manner at low doses.
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However, given the fact that the natural glucocorticoid surge near term leads to robust and selective changes in the expression of many genes (1), it is likely that glucocorticoids initiate effects both at the level of global methylation and selectively at the level of specific gene promoters.
Pro-inflammatory cytokines are primarily responsible for initiating an effect against exogenous pathogens.
The authors suggest that steroids may have a time window before initiating an effect on laryngeal edema and should therefore be given at least 7 hours before extubation [ 3].
Big windows, which Judd installed to replace old garage doors along the sides of the buildings, let sun play against the silvery metal, initiating shimmery effects that deflect all preconceptions that the sculptures will seem forbidding, heavy, mechanical or monotonous.
This effect was related to the formation of disulfide bonds between critical thiol groups in mitochondrial membrane proteins, suggesting that cyclopalladates could act as thiol reagents, catalysing specific protein thiol cross-linkage and initiating mitochondrial effects.
Genetic studies revealed important mechanisms involved in the process of RPE alteration and photoreceptor death, such as complement factor H loss of function or ApolipoproteinE4; however, the mechanisms initiating deleterious effects of these gene variants are unknown.
Therefore, the polymer concentration initiates the effect of the shear rate on the polymer solution viscosity.
Hayat et al. (2010) have initiated the effect of thermal radiation on a two-dimensional stagnation-point flow and heat transfer of an incompressible magneto-hydrodynamic Carreau fluid towards a shrinking surface with convective boundary condition.
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