In human NMO pathology, death of astrocytes and loss of aquaporin-4 is a more downstream event initiated with binding of anti-AQP4 antibody, which leads to either complement-mediated destruction of the M23 isoform or internalization of the M1 isoform of AQP4 [ 17, 18].
We conclude that GE interferes with binding of initiating nucleotides to the RNAP i and i+1 sites.
To test directly whether GE interferes with binding of initiating NTPs to the i and i+1 sites, we compared NTP occupancies of the i and i+1 sites in the absence of GE to those in the presence of GE.
The pair of structures indicating that initiating NTPs occupy the i and i+1 sites in the absence of GE, but do not occupy the i and i+1 sites in the presence of GE, show graphically that GE interferes with binding of initiating NTPs to the i and i+1 sites.
NHEJ is a potentially error-prone form of repair that is initiated with the binding of the KU70/KU80 heterodimer to DNA ends which then recruits the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs).
The process is initiated with the binding of RNAP to the promoter, usually near the beginning of the transcribed sequence.
IAV infection is initiated with a binding of the viral hemagglutinin (HA) to sialic acid on the cell surface; and virus particles are internalized through receptor-mediated endocytosis.
The biological action of bioactive peptides initiates with the binding to the target membrane followed in most cases by membrane permeabilization and rupture.
Collagen is a major structural component of ECM, which facilitates cell adhesion initiated by binding of its RGD motifs with the transmembrane integrin receptors.
Infection is initiated upon binding of the viral spike protein with the receptor or coreceptor on the target cell surface, as mediated by the spike protein's receptor-binding domain (RBD).
