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Caspase activation in this system can be readily initiated either through introduction of the apoptosome co-factors, cytochrome c and dATP, or by introduction of the CTL/NK protease, granzyme B [34].
In general, signaling through death ligand pathways can be initiated either through increased expression of the death ligand or the death receptor or through decreased expression of a naturally occurring inhibitory protein such as FLIP (FADD-like IL-1-converting enzyme-inhibitory protein) [ 41, 43].
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A backup can be initiated either manually, by pressing a button, or automatically, according to a schedule.
The data flow in MS are initiated – either by the teacher or by the students.
Under torsional loading, cracks initiated either perpendicular or parallel to the longitudinal direction of the specimens.
Nasopharyngeal cooling was initiated either before or after defibrillation and was continued until systemic cooling could be initiated.
The intrinsic pathway is initiated through either the disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential directly or indirectly through upstream effector molecules.
Caspase activation can be initiated through either the extrinsic (cell surface death receptor) pathway or the intrinsic pathway [19] which involves the permeabilisation of the mitochondrial outer membrane and subsequent release of cytochrome c into the cytosol.
Apoptosis pathways can be initiated through either the receptor pathway (the exogenous signal pathway) at the plasma membrane by death receptor ligation or the mitochondrial pathway (the endogenous signal pathway) (Elmore 2007).
They found metastasis-to-metastasis colonization was common; metastasis-to-metastasis spread can initiate through either de novo monoclonal seeding or simultaneous transfer of multiple tumor clones; and multiple colonizing events took place among metastases over time [5].
When this occurs, pressure receptors (baroreceptors) in the aorta and carotid arteries will initiate remedial reflexes either through the autonomic (nonvoluntary) nervous system by direct neural transmission or by epinephrine (adrenaline) secretion into the blood from the adrenal gland.
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