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Cultures were then diluted 100× into M-PIPES + DCM to initiate the evolution experiment, starting 3 4 replicate flasks for each transconjugant.
We then calculated the mutation rates of each of the viruses used to initiate the evolution experiments as the average mutation rate across all of the plants inoculated with these viruses.
The industrial S. cerevisiae strain TMB3061 (Table 1) that overexpresses B. subtilis AraA, E. coli AraB and AraD, P. stipitis XYL1 and XYL2 and S. cerevisiae XKS1 [ 10] was used to initiate the evolution in continuous culture under aerobic conditions using xylose and arabinose as limiting carbon sources.
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Orogenic activity, which initiated the evolution of the Altaids, started along that margin about 850 million years ago and created the Baikal mountain belt.
He not only initiated the evolution of the empire into a Christian state but also provided the impulse for a distinctively Christian culture that prepared the way for the growth of Byzantine and Western medieval culture.
Apple, for all their glory and their genius, is the apotheosis of a philosophy of technology which is fundamentally different from mine: technology as a centrally controlled hegemony unsullied by tinkerers who want to go outside of their sandbox, a walled garden of an ecosystem that is only permitted to evolve when Cupertino initiates the evolution.
The endosymbiotic uptake of an ancient cyanobacterial ancestor by a eukaryotic cell initiated the evolution of phototrophic algae and plants.
A similar process initiated the evolution of plastids likely more than a billion years ago.
These endosymbiotic gene transfers could have spread group II introns into the host genome, which, in turn, might have initiated the evolution of spliceosomal introns and the spliceosome.
However, we cannot exclude that the duplication of a few genes on the X chromosome and their translocation to the autosomes might have initiated the evolution of imprinted genomic regions.
Virus accumulation per gram of infected tissue was assessed and equal numbers of 20 LFU used to initiate the next evolution passage.
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