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In a new habitat, selection can initiate diversification in a few generations, particularly when exposed to highly heterogeneous environmental regimes; drift can also accelerate quick changes in allele frequencies if the organism undergoes a bottleneck (Koskinen et al. 2002; Novak 2007).
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Whether novel call patterns initiated diversification and ultimately speciation, or whether the changes of the communication system followed ecological diversification (e.g. through reinforcement [46]) is at this time not clear.
The subsequent vicariant isolation and divergence between Taiwan and the southern Ryukyu Archipelago is likely to have initiated diversification between these two insular species during the Pleistocene glacial cycles.
In addition to the enhanced impact of globalisation, rulers launched new national development visions in order to initiate economic diversification (Salama and Wiedmann 2013).
The Detroit Economic Growth Corporation, a nonprofit group that works to attract new businesses to the city, initiated a diversification effort aimed at automotive suppliers and nonauto industries like aerospace.
Acquisition and domestication of Blochmannia in an ancestor of the Camponotini approx. 40 MYA [ 12, 14] was likely a key innovation initiating the diversification and evolutionary success of this important group of ants.
Herein, Mars is touted as the most tenable and sustainable location in which to initiate such permanent diversification.
This implies that off-farm income has the tendency to initiate off-farm diversification.
Activation-induced deaminase (AID) initiates secondary antibody diversification in germinal center B cells, giving rise to higher affinity antibodies through somatic hypermutation (SHM) or to isotype-switched antibodies through class switch recombination (CSR).
This study demonstrates that: (i) current Neotropical biodiversity may have originated ex situ; (ii) the GAARlandia bridge was important in facilitating invasions of South America; (iii) colonization of Amazonia initiated the crown diversification of these swallowtails; and (iv) Amazonia is not only a species-rich region but also acted as a sanctuary for the dynamics of this diversity.
AID is predominantly cytoplasmic and must enter the nuclear compartment to initiate these distinct antibody gene diversification reactions.
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