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The silicon wafers were initially cleaned by the chemical cleaning process in a piranha solution (4:1 mixture of H2SO4:H2O2) for 10 15 min.
Prior to fabrication, Si wafers were initially cleaned in a solution of NH4OH/H2O2/H2O (1 1 5), followed by cleaning in a boiling solution of HCl/H2O2/H2O (1:1:5).
The glass substrates were initially cleaned with acetone in an ultrasonic bath, rinsed with deionized water, and then blown dry with dry N2.
The polymer chips were initially cleaned in an ultrasonic cleaner, rinsed with water, autoclaved, blow dried, and preserved in a vacuum desiccator for adsorption experiments.
The FTO glass was initially cleaned by sonication in acetone, subsequently immersed in a 1 M NaOH solution for 10 min, and finally rinsed with ethanol and deionized water.
P-type (100) Si substrates with resistivity 7-14 Ω cm were initially cleaned by Piranha process followed by dipping in dilute HF for 1 min to remove the native oxide from the surface.
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Initially, clean Pt(111) is less reactive than clean Pt(110) even in the electrochemical environment.
The Fick diffusion equation under constraints corresponding to an initially clean electrode surface is solved numerically.
The desirable steady state, giving a pure high pressure product, is achieved when the beds are initially clean.
The initially clean soils were contaminated with gasoil to the concentration of 100 g/kg, and left on the floor for the evaporation of light hydrocarbons.
The objective of this study is to investigate the difference in HOC concentration of worms exposed to: a) a grab sample of contaminated sediment (10.4% total organic carbon); and b) an initially clean mixture of sand and organic matter (the so-called biouptake layer), placed on top of the RCM-capped sediment during consolidation coupled solute transport experiments.
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