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In addition, "Hitler's Will," a 2009 memoir by a former British soldier, Herman Rothman, said that a copy of the documents was discovered under entirely different circumstances two months earlier, and that he was their initial translator.
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Stage I : initial translation; a bilingual translator whose mother tongue is Arabic generated an independent translation in Arabic, referred to as T1.
Stage I - initial translation: two certified translators with Italian as their mother tongue (Translator1 and Translator2) independently translated the tool into Italian producing two forward translations defined as T1 and T2.
For the Spanish and Portuguese part of the study, an experienced medical translator will undertake the initial translation.
The initial translation was done by two independent translators fluent in the original language (English) and the target language (Kiswahili).
Based on standard recommendations, two initial translations were made independently by two translators (a Brazilian fluent in the English language and a native English-speaker fluent in Portuguese) with experience in health questionnaire translation.
initial translation from English to French by a professional translator, and back-translation into English by a bilingual clinician; 2).
The initial translation was accomplished by two trained screeners, thus the translators were not only knowledgeable about local expressions of psychological suffering, but also about clinical diagnostics, procedures and concepts.
Step I: Initial translation from English to German (forward translation) was performed by three independent translators with German mother tongue.
Initial translation, from English to Chinese, was undertaken by an ophthalmology professor and a professional translator without medical or clinical background.
This month, though, Random House paid tribute to one, with a biography of CK Scott Moncrieff, the initial English translator of Proust.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com