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This paper studies torsional wave dispersion in a three-layered (sandwich) hollow cylinder with finite initial strains.
The shape memory creation procedure (SMCP) is described by long-time simulation and initial strains between 15% and 100% are applied by in-plane tensile loadings.
Models for restrained strains and self-stresses estimation based on the concepts of the conservation law of chemical energy and initial strains calculation in the expansive concrete members are considered, together with their advantages and disadvantages.
A modified strains development model (MSDM) is proposed, based on the initial strains calculation approach and extended by taking into account cumulative force induced by the reinforcement as an additional restraint for development of expansion strains.
Previous studies mainly focused on the corrosion of steel bars in the zero-strain state, but steel bars in actual structures usually bear a sustained load resulting in initial strains.
Through systematic deletion of competing aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathways to promote endogenous phenylpyruvate availability, final benzyl alcohol titers as high as 114±1 mg/L were realized, representing a yield of 7.6±0.1 mg/g on glucose and a ~5-fold improvement over initial strains.
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Among these, yYW0420 showed a 3.9 fold-change compared with the initial strain (Supplementary Fig. 9b).
Temperature effect was pronounced in strain parameters (initial strain, failure strain, and strain at Nf NLC)).
The dashed line in the inset represents the required voltage to achieve 4% axial strain without any initial strain.
(b) The variation of the initial strain with SiNx thickness for a SiO2 thickness of 100 nm.
The initial strain introduced in to Ge nanobeam increases with SiNx thickness as shown in Fig. 4b.
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