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Fig. 1 Nitrogen adsorption desorption isotherms (a) and incremental pore size distributions (b) for initial silica (curve 1), TiZrSi1 (2), and TiZrSi2 (3) calcined at 550 °C.

The initial silica is characterized by nearly monomodal particle size distribution (PSD) with a maximum at 21 nm (Fig. 7a, curve 1).

Composites look like more compacted than initial silica.

Textural analysis shows that initial silica is mainly meso/macroporous, but composites are mainly macroporous.

All samples with PDMS were in the powder form similar to the initial silica.

However, the total pore volume increases for TiO2 ZrO2/SiO2 compared to the initial silica.

Moreover, the microporosity is slightly reduced for composites compared to the initial silica.

Fig. 4 Raman spectra for initial silica and composite TiZrSi1 and TiZrSi2.

By contrast with the bulk silica (curve a), the added weight loss between 250 and 600 °C of 4.9 and 5.7% under the background level of curve b corresponded to thermolysis of PA2.5 (curve c) and PAsp5 (curve d), respectively.

The nanoscale represents the initial silica polymerization events, generating structures with up to a few tens-of-nanometers features.

Results are stated as percentage of the initial silica content released or as dissolution rate v in nm/day.