Sentence examples for initial selection bias from inspiring English sources

Therefore, before proceeding to future counterfactuals, initial comparability must be established to avoid initial selection bias (Caliendo and Kopeinig 2008).

Secondly, the use of propensity scores does not overcome initial selection bias (Wolfgang and Winkelmayer 2004).

However, after weighting by the propensity score, all differences decreased to non-significant values, which suggested that propensity score matching adjusted appropriately for the initial treatment selection bias (Table  1).

Finally, we used a longitudinal study design in which an adverse stimulus is expected to eventually result in a poor outcome regardless of initial self-selection bias if groups differ sufficiently in exposure to the stimulus.

Individuals born in the study villages during the period of initial trial, that is, 1987–1990, were eligible for inclusion in the study irrespective of the availability of their birth-weight record from the initial study to avoid selection bias.

Although loss to follow-up is not surprising in a study of this duration, those lost compared with those studied were more likely to be male, to be younger, and to have 1 additional symptom at initial presentation; how this potential selection bias might have affected results is unclear.

The use of the DE for the initial selection of the weights and biases seem to be able to drastically improve the performance of the ELM model.

In the DE-ELM hybrid training algorithm the initial selection of the weights and biases was done using the differential evolution algorithm which is a global search algorithm, and thereafter they were updated analytically using the ELM algorithm.

"It is an awesome way of removing unconscious bias in the initial selection.

Again, the observed association was more pronounced in males, but was consistent across the entire CHS population and remained even after excluding frail individuals to minimize the potential for bias due to initial selection methods.

To further avoid selection bias from our initial choice of models, and to allow the possibility of more than one peak (i.e. to allow models involving regeneration of ovarian reserve), we fitted all 266 models supplied by TableCurve, again ranking by <img src="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/asset?id=info?doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0008772.e040.PNG" class= inline-graphic"/>.