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Controlling initial levels of depression, a ruminative response style predicts future depressive symptoms in response to events such as the Lomo Prieta earthquake (Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991) or the death of a loved one (Nolen-Hoeksema, Parker, & Larson, 1994).
Although initial levels of depression were low (6.5 %), Besier and Hou [ 11] recorded further reduction in depressive symptoms over time with the rates falling to below that of the host population by the end of the 10-year period (2.3 %).
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A student with a higher initial level of depression tends to have a serious initial level of PIU.
This was the case also in our study, since the initial level of depression and anxiety was higher in those who withdrew during the study than in those who persisted.
Using logistic regression, we also found that initial level of depressive symptoms significantly (p = .0330) predicted the first episode of depression and/or dysthymia among TAU subjects.
Also, if breastfeeding cessation accounts for changes in symptoms of anxiety and depression, to what extent are mothers who are vulnerable to stress (i.e., having high initial levels of anxiety and depression) even more prone to an increase in symptoms of anxiety and depression due to breastfeeding cessation (i.e., an interaction effect).
The degree and shape of these relationships are almost identical for two patient samples of type 2 diabetic adults: a highly diverse community sample (3D Study) and a more restricted community sample that displayed high initial levels of distress, no clinical depression, and poor self-management (REDEEM Study).
To examine whether response to MBCT depended on initial level of severity of depression, we divided the group by the pre-test median (24) to form a 'moderate' (BDI 24 or below) and a severe (BDI 25 or above) group.
What's more, it prevented the onset of depression to begin with: in a study of pregnant women who were followed throughout their last trimester and during the first three weeks after they gave birth, initial levels of optimism predicted the lower likelihood of postpartum depression.
Furthermore, we tested if a high initial level of anxiety and depression at baseline would accelerate the detrimental effect of mixed breastfeeding or breastfeeding cessation.
First, this means that adjusting for initial level of anxiety and depression reduced the difference between the child feeding groups to about half.
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