Changes in an animal's behavior measured in relearning sessions some time after initial learning may reflect effects on many processes, including performance as well as acquisition, consolidation, retention, and retrieval of memory (Abel and Lattal 2001; Cahill et al. 2001; Wang et al. 2006b).
Participants who worked two night shifts were better able to maintain wakefulness, had higher anxiety scale scores, poorer initial performance and lack of learning effect on VAT, and higher prolactin levels compared with those who worked four night shifts.
We overcome this shortcoming with a new statistical analysis that quantifies initial performance and learning effects separately.
Furthermore, the effect of an initial learning curve cannot be ruled out.
Minor technique-related side effects, however, may occur during the initial learning curve.
This effect was independent of drug state during initial learning and appears to reflect a facilitation of generalization for learnt information.
Current techniques are aimed at using a learner's personality traits and its effect on learning preferences to improve both the initial learning experience and the information retained (e.g., top-down or bottom-up learning organization).
Untrained individuals normally have rapid improvements in muscle strength during the initial phases of a training program, which are predominantly attributed to a learning effect as well as neuromuscular adaptations within the first 4 weeks of program initiation [61].
As the night after sleep deprivation is not representative for difference in memory consolidation due to fatigue effects we concentrated on memory performance change from initial learning to three days thereafter.
This review explores the methodological issues that can affect forgetting, such as the effects of age, general cognitive function, test sensitivity and initial learning.
