Schakowsky's lead on the initial ballot against incumbent Senator Roland Burris and several other serious candidates is impressive, and once voters learn more about each of the candidates they coalesce around her candidacy in significant numbers.
The counterfactual experiments show that different catch-up dynamics can emerge depending on the magnitude of technological disruption, the degree of lock-ins, the shape of technological landscape, and incumbents' initial capabilities.
Investment cost effect: First, consider the case T ˜ = 0. Since we have zero initial capital stock for the incumbent, i.e. K10 = 0, firm 2 will enter whenever F < F ¯ a.
The following two effects are responsible: (i) Investment cost effect: First, consider the case T ˜ = 0. Since we have zero initial capital stock for the incumbent, i.e. K 10 = 0, firm 2 will enter whenever F < F ¯ a.
SpaceX lost the initial case, but is appealing.Entrenched incumbents are the least of SpaceX's problems.
What is reminiscent of iPadnomics is the speed with which the disruption is underestimated, the naiveté with which the backlash is orchestrated, and the resultant vaulting of the service into a near-incumbent position before the deposed incumbents can retrench from the initial mistaken counterattack.
The Democratic incumbent, David L. Mejias, said he opposed the initial plan, and he called the governor's revised version "unworkable".
In a DCCC poll conducted in early August, Democratic challenger Stephanie Murphy, who was down in the initial head-to-head, pulled ahead of 23-year incumbent John Mica (R-Fla).
His candidate, the Democratic incumbent, Tim Johnson, held a 527-vote edge in the initial tally over the Republican challenger, Representative John Thune, who was recruited by the White House to make the run.
Mr. Sarkozy, the first incumbent in half a century to be bested in the initial vote, now faces an uphill fight for re-election.
