In this article, we propose two re-authentication schemes to secure handover between 3GPP LTE and WLANs systems: Initial Handover Re-authentication Protocol, and Local Re-authentication ProtocoLocal Re-authentication
In fact, after a successful execution of the Initial Handover Re-authentication Protocol, the local key (LK) is shared between USIM and the authentication server of the WLAN.
Meanwhile, some three dozen non-Afghans, who were never part of the initial handover agreement reached a year ago, will also remain indefinitely imprisoned by U.S. authorities at Bagram.
For the initial ranging and handover mechanisms, new ranging preambles are added with extended length.
We modifies the retransmission timeout procedure in TCP to set statistical values, for example, and, to the initial values on vertical handover, and to set the propagation delay to a large value.
IEEE 802.16 defines four messages for the use of the CDMA method, that is, Initial Ranging, Periodic Ranging, Handover Ranging, and the aforementioned BR, which are referred to as the Ranging and BR messages in the following text of this paper.
In this paper, we added an analysis for initial attachment procedure and the handover without X2 support (S1 handover) procedure for the traditional LTE/EPC architecture.
has a value from 1 to 4 which, respectively, corresponds to BR, Initial Ranging, Periodic Ranging, and Handover Ranging.
Case 4. The MS has 25% probability of transmitting BRs, Initial Rangings, Periodic Rangings, and Handover Rangings, respectively.
Each time, the MS randomly chooses probability of transmitting BRs, Initial Rangings, Periodic Rangings, and Handover Rangings.
In the Ranging and BR messages, we assume that the numbers of BR, Initial Ranging, Periodic Ranging, and Handover Ranging are,,, and.
