Since the initial demonstrations that the CRISPR/Cas9 system could be used for genome editing in C. elegans, several strategies have been used effectively, and significant improvements have been made to facilitate the generation and identification of edited animals.
Since our initial demonstrations that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) may function as a neuromodulator in the brain and a smooth muscle relaxant in the vascular system, accumulating evidence shows that H2S may function as a signaling molecule.
Since the initial demonstration that ADPG serves as the precursor molecule for bacterial glycogen biosynthesis, it has been considered that ADPG pyrophosphorylase (GlgC) is the sole enzyme catalyzing the production of ADPG in these organisms.
Over 20 yr after the initial demonstration that DAF-16/FoxO promotes longevity (Kenyon et al. 1993), the question of which DAF-16/FoxO target genes are important for life span extension remains unanswered.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00704.002 Since the initial demonstration that mitochondria take up substantial amounts of cytoplasmic Ca2+ (Deluca and Engstrom, 1961), detailed studies have revealed that this uptake can sculpt the cytoplasmic Ca2+ transient (Wheeler et al., 2012), enhance ATP synthesis (Balaban, 2009), and trigger cell death (Zoratti and Szabo, 1995).
After an initial demonstration that normal myoblasts can restore dystrophin expression in mdx mice (Partridge et al. 1989), clinical trials, in which allogeneic normal human myoblasts were injected intramuscularly several times in dystrophic young boys muscles, have not been successful (Law et al. 1990; Mendell et al. 1995).
Since the initial demonstration that these molecular subtypes correlated with differences in survival [ 2], other groups have similarly confirmed the clinical relevance of the biologic subtypes [ 3, 4].
After the initial demonstration that the mechanisms that regulate endothelial barrier formation in the embryo are also involved in the pathological disruption of the endothelial barrier in adults during sepsis [ 7], several studies explored the role of these proteins as biomarkers of septic shock development.
Although the initial demonstration that NfsB could activate CB1954 (and does so ∼90-fold faster than rat DT-diaphorase (Anlezark et al, 1992)) led to the adoption of NfsB for prodrug activation gene therapy with CB1954, this paper presents evidence based on cell cultures that it may be advantageous to use NfsA in preference.
The explosions came two days after thousands of people, some of them coerced, rallied in Damascus in support of Mr. Assad on the anniversary of the initial mass demonstrations that turned sporadic protests against his government into a nationwide movement.
On the first-year anniversary of Morsi's election, however, another round of protests against his presidency began and grew even larger than the initial Tahrir Square demonstrations that ousted Mubarak.
