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While there is a real appetite to increase the use of district heating schemes in Scotland, challenges faced by housing associations include the high initial capital costs and the complexity of funding packages.
Sponsors will provide around 20% of the initial capital costs of setting up the academy, up to about £2m, while the Department for Education and Skills funds the remainder of the capital costs.
That is because nuclear power plants which have high initial capital costs and take a long time to start up and shut down are risky in Britain's volatile, privatised electricity markets, which favour cheaper, nimbler technology (such as gas generation) better able to meet rapid changes in demand.
initial capital costs of energy supply system.
initial capital costs of desalination plant.
The configuration of the proposed hybrid system is optimally determined with respect to different fuel cell system initial capital costs.
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The skill of the designer of a breakwater lies in achieving the minimum initial capital cost without incurring excessive future commitments for maintenance.
"In many cases, repayments include not only the initial capital cost and financing charges, but also all ancillary services like cleaning, portering and building maintenance costs over the life of the contract," she added.
For an initial capital cost of 19 million Australian dollars, or $17.6 million, and a recent extension outlay of 6.6 million dollars, the pipeline system is estimated to have returned a billion dollars in benefit to South Australia.
The other is the initial capital cost, e.g., investment cost for purchasing solar panels and inverters.
Overhead lines are cheaper in initial capital cost and are generally more economic than cable feeders.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com