Sentence examples for inhibitory checkpoints from inspiring English sources
Other receptors such as PD-1, primarily expressed by activated T lymphocytes, are important inhibitory checkpoints of immune responses that ensure T-cell tolerance.
Various B cell-targeting strategies could be used for the treatment of autoimmune rheumatic diseases, such as B cell depletion, blockade of activation checkpoints, inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines, triggering of B cell inhibitory checkpoints and trafficking blockade.
Subversion of either of these two inhibitory checkpoints is therefore a powerful mechanism by which tumours could evade host immune responses.
It seems likely that the PD-L1− and TIL− subgroup will present the greatest therapeutic challenge in terms of manipulation of immune inhibitory checkpoints.
These act as feedback inhibitory checkpoints at key steps in the intracellular signalling cascade (Thisse and Thisse, 2005; Mason et al, 2006; Bundschu et al, 2007).
Cells typically express lower levels of costimulatory molecules (such as B7.1 and B7.2) and have high expression levels of coinhibitory molecules (such as B7-H1 also known as PD-L1) (for a more comprehensive review of immune stimulatory and inhibitory checkpoints [ 10]).
Furthermore, various inhibitory checkpoint receptors, including B cell inhibitory receptors, have important functions in regulating B cell development, activation and effector functions.
We have found that a fraction of NK cells within tumors frequently upregulate inhibitory checkpoint receptors, including PD-1, Lag3, and others.
B cell activation and effector functions are regulated by immune checkpoints, including both activating and inhibitory checkpoint receptors that contribute to the regulation of B cell tolerance, activation, antigen presentation, T cell help, class switching, antibody production and cytokine production.
These regulatory circuits include the engagement of inhibitory checkpoint pathways (CTLA-4, PD-1/PD-L1, LAG-3 and TIM-3), secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines (TGF-β, IL-10), and expansion and/or recruitment of myeloid or lymphoid regulatory cell populations.
Laboratory studies provide evidence that inhibitory checkpoint pathways can alter metabolic reprogramming of T cells [15, 230].
