The first eleven years of Bt cotton production (1996 2006) have resulted in a 22.9% reduction in insecticide active ingredient application in cotton world wide [8].
Several levels of ingredient application are required to allow the determination of potential "dose-response" relationships.
California's Department of Pesticide Regulation maintains a pesticide use reporting (PUR) database that includes detailed information on all agricultural pesticide applications in the state, including the active ingredient, application method, quantity applied, acres treated, crop treated, and location (in square mile sections).
Finally, for the assessment of ingredients with relatively high application levels, subchronic inhalation studies have been used that have also been adapted to the comparative testing paradigm in terms of dosing and endpoint selection in order to study the relationship of the ingredient application level to the respective endpoints.
For the testing of ingredients, the assay has been adapted to describe a linear dose-response relationship with smoke TPM, and the slope obtained with the test samples generated from experimental cigarettes with various ingredient application levels is compared in a quantitative manner (Roemer et al., 2002).
If residential exposure is associated with a greater distance or with a more complex relationship between distance, active ingredient, application method, and climatic conditions, then a metric relying primarily on a distance of 500 m may not be any more accurate in estimating exposure than a metric based on use in the entire Section.
This is further complicated by having to account for the chemical properties of the active ingredient, application method, location of use, handling and knowledge of product toxicity of the person applying the product, and the presence of synergists in the product that could affect dermal uptake (Colt et al. 2007).
This can be considered worst case for the evaluation of potential effects of ingredients, because the cigarette nicotine content and thus the smoke yield of nicotine as the basis of the comparison automatically decreases with increasing ingredient applications levels.
Table 1 Herbicides, carriers, active ingredients and application volumes used for both trials to control P. contorta and P. nigra by means of aerial spot application into the tree crowns Treatment Herbicide Carrier Active ingredient tree-1 Volume tree-1 mL) tree-1 mL
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