Given a specific timing of arrival of input elements, ingestion time ensures that the engine produces deterministic results.
The timing of ingestion of supplements relative to meal times has been shown to effect markers of inflammation and may have an effect on oxidative stress [ 24], but the effects were seen following a single dose of vitamin E, whilst subjects on the current study, although only instructed to take supplements daily, had sustained elevated plasma levels of α-tocopherol.
Information about the impact of the timing of ingestion of protein drinks on the suppression of energy intake in older adults is lacking.
Historical controls were taken from the previous 2 years of practice, matched for volume and timing of ingestion.
In addition, subjects were asked to keep daily records about the timing of ingestion, side-effects or other problems related to the training programme or the supplements.
While continuous CrM supplementation (acute or long term) appears to enhance resistance training-induced muscle adaptations in young and older individuals, the benefit of timing creatine ingestion relative to the resistance exercise session is unclear.
Women who self-administered misoprostol were asked about timing of ingestion, and 167 (63.0%) reported they took the drug at the correct time, and 87 (32.8%) incorrectly took the drug after the delivery of the placenta (Table 3).
Since the exact timing of ingestion was not known in our case and was not reported in the other two cases, the differences in peripheral blood and liver extract ibuprofen concentrations may be due to differences in distribution and metabolism.
However, historically used cut-off points are in many cases meaningless as some drugs are much more "forgiving" than others in term of missed dosing and the timing of ingestion [ 28].
This dose of BR and the timing of ingestion was selected based on our previous research which suggested that 8.4 mmol of NO3− (administered as 140 mL BR) resulted in a peak increase in plasma [nitrite] 2 3 h later that coincided with improved exercise tolerance (Wylie et al. 2013a).
