By adopting such technologies, exposure models can be developed by integrating these detailed biophysical characteristic of the landscape into general exposure estimates for dermal, inhalation, and ingestion models.
All test scores had good factor loadings and were adequate as indicators of latent variables, and this result was similar when exposure was based on MnW and estimated Mn intake from water ingestion (models 2 and 3, respectively; data not shown).
However, we envision a similar strategy being used in other situations, such as nondietary ingestion exposure models, dermal exposure models, or inhalation exposure models.
Exposure can occur via inhalation or ingestion; the model gives two examples of mercury (Hg) exposure from ingestion of foods found in our environment (Hg in Fish and Hg in High Fructose Corn Syrup), without excluding other possible exposures such as Hg in ambient air.
Data ingestion updates the model with local level of ionization, enabling it to follow the observed changes of ionization levels.
The results presented in this paper demonstrate that chronic alcohol ingestion in a mouse model induced mitochondrial ROS generation and mitochondrial dysfunction which contribute to impaired AM phagocytosis.
The pattern of infection after ingestion in an experimental model includes multiple organ dissemination and hepatosplenic abscesses, which are common features of human melioidosis and supportive evidence for ingestion as a route of human infection (4 ).
If the mechanism of exposure involves oral ingestion of water, the model will be probabilistic for recreational exposure, since not all persons who go to the beach swallow the same amount of water.
However, models of ingestion assume rapid mouth transit of the ingested material, and also incorporate the metabolic processes of the body that lead to dispersal of the radionuclide from the gastrointestinal tract to the physiologically preferred accumulation site (e.g. the skeleton for inhaled and ingested uranium radionuclides).
In that mouse model, chronic EtOH ingestion increased the level of mRNA and protein expression of Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4.
