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On an intensive care unit, up to one million particles may be infused per day [ 3] depending on the complexity and quantity of the infused solutions [ 5].
All infused solutions were isoosmotic with osmolarities around 340 and 330 mmol/L for rumen and duodenum, respectively.
Body temperature, measured with a rectal probe, was maintained between 37.5° and 38°C by means of a heating blanket and by warming the infused solutions.
The calculations underscore the importance of the relative fluid flow rates as well as the bicarbonate and citrate levels in the various infused solutions.
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If the SID of the infused solution is equal to the baseline plasma bicarbonate, acidosis does not develop.
Finally, in vivo, the SID of the infused solution becomes a determinant to affect the acid-base status [ 43].
To avoid changes in acid-base equilibrium the strong ion difference of the infused solution should be equal to the baseline bicarbonate concentration.
On the contrary, if the SID of the infused solution is greater than the baseline plasma bicarbonate concentration, the pH tends to increase [ 42, 43].
Omron, E. developed a physicochemical model of the projected change in standard base excess (SBE) as a consequence of infused crystalloid solutions of common use (isotonic saline and balanced fluids); unfortunately this was a clinical simulation at standard physiological state.
In theory, after a short period of balance, only approximately 20% of an intravenously infused crystalloid solution will remain in the intravascular space to support plasma volume [7].
Effective fat fragmentation in either mode was achieved by a maximum of 1 minute of treatment time per 100 mL of infused wetting solution.
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