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In this case, it can be seen that only an infrequent word /nâ: - tìt - t(bar {mathrm {a}}):m/ is segmented to PMs as /nâ:/, /tìt/ and /t(bar {mathrm {a}}):m/.
For massively repeated items condition, one frequent word, one infrequent word and one pseudoword were selected.
With 50 non-immediate repetitions, a word frequency effect appeared, a frequent word eliciting greater negativity than an infrequent word and a pseudoword.
At temporal location (figure 5), an interaction between stimulus and hemisphere (F2,18 = 4.69, p <.05) was obtained, frequent word eliciting larger negativity that infrequent word and pseudoword but only in the left hemisphere (p <.01).
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Stop words and infrequent words of training data were replaced by #STOP and UNK symbols.
Our results suggest that children rely on sublexical decoding of infrequent words, leading to greater length effects for infrequent than frequent words while adults do not show this effect when reading children's reading materials.
We replaced all stop words of the training documents with a unique symbol (#STOP) and considered all infrequent words (the words occurring only once) as unknown words and replaced them with UNK symbol.
While word-level encodings are efficient for morphologically rigid corpora (e.g. standard English texts), morphologically rich biomedical and chemical literature introduces many infrequent words and word-forms, resulting in high out-of-vocabulary (OOV) rates [12, 13].
Considering the fact that informative words are usually infrequent in biomedical articles, we utilize the Skip-gram architecture of Word2Vec, which shows better performance for infrequent words than the CBOW architecture of Word2Vec in generating embeddings [21].
For the reduced-hybrid H-R2 where frequent words are represented as word units while infrequent words are represented as PM units, a hybrid n-best list illustrated in Fig. 8 c is used in the second-pass re-scoring.
All of the words that have appeared at least once in the corpus are entered into a 'corpus dictionary.' Highly frequent neutral words (e.g., "the, of, to"), punctuations (e.g., ","), and very infrequent words (e.g., "shall") are removed from the corpus in order to minimize noise.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com