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First generations of WSNs were designed to attend requirements of a unique target application usually with a single user, who was also the infrastructure owner.
The rail infrastructure owner had previously resisted because of concern that it would lose rental income from shops that sell bottled water.
Before that, the infrastructure owner would not have been too concerned about the mounting costs of work it had promised to carry out; it would simply have borrowed more.
Many view the system as a cloak to conceal how the department of transport can raise money from train operators to offset the huge bills it faces to fund Network Rail, the infrastructure owner.
In this situation maintenance becomes extremely problematic as within such a high-performance network a relatively minor fault will impact more trains and passengers; such denial of service causes reputational damage for the industry and causes fines to be levied against the infrastructure owner, Network Rail.
The problems at Network Rail came to a head earlier this year when the government shelved major promised upgrades to rail lines in the Midlands and the north of England, blaming the infrastructure owner's "unacceptable performance".
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The resulting simulation is geared towards facilitating the development of strategic and near-real-time security related regulatory compliance monitoring capabilities for critical infrastructure owners.
The durability of steel reinforced concrete in chloride environments is of great interest to design engineers, infrastructure owners and maintainers, and researchers.
During the last decade, fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials have been increasingly considered by infrastructure owners for extending the life of existing structures and increasing the durability of new structures due to the advantages they offer over conventional materials.
Provided by the results of the research, it is helpful to better shape an expansion of the systems, infrastructure owners could model different event scenarios and assess their impact on the systems.
The order does make room for the government to temporarily hire private-sector cyber threat experts to provide information to critical infrastructure owners on how to reduce and mitigate threats.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com