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According to the procedural account of autonomy [ 18, 19], it is possible for an autonomous agent to have reflective but unconditional obedience, and thus the purpose of the informed consent process is to obtain an informed permission but not necessarily to promote participation in decision-making.
There are scarce empirical data on patients' perceived purpose of informed consent, which may include administrative routine/courtesy gesture, simple honest permission, informed permission, patient-clinician shared decision-making, and enabling patient's self decision-making.
In the United States, generally speaking, it often falls to parents or legal guardians to provide informed permission for medical decisions and children under 18 are to give assent [ 14].
That is, the parent or guardian should be asked to provide informed permission for the images to be taken, and whenever possible, assent of the patient should also be sought.
The FTC settlement demands that people give explicit, informed permission for payments.
All the volunteers participating in this study gave their informed permission for the use of the data collected during the proofs.
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Parents provided written informed consent granting their daughters, who provided written informed assent, permission to partake in the interview.
Where pathologies are detected, the participant would be informed and permission requested to forward the relevant information to the individual's general practitioner.
In conclusion, we recommend that future research include additional formative research to better understand the parental permission process and the development of a plan of action to maximize informed parental permission.
The study protocol was approved by the Memorial University Ethics Committee and informed written permission was obtained from parents/guardians.
The local health authorities were also informed and permission was obtained from them to conduct the survey.
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