Standard protocols, data collection instruments, and informational documents that can be adapted to specific situations are being developed to minimize delays and avoid omissions.
By using informational materials and measurement instruments in several languages as well as bilingual research assistants, we were able to include patients with low proficiency in the majority language.
The pecking order theory argues that the issuance of financial instruments responds to informational problems.
The pecking order theory argues that the issuance of financial instruments responds to informational problems and banks should prefer to issue the type of market instrument that minimizes the adverse selection discount.
By reducing the variability of the corporate cash flow and thus lowering the noise in the firm's dividend stream, hedging can be used as an instrument to overcome informational asymmetries between shareholders and managers.
Governments can deploy an array of policy tools to effect such changes, including regulation, fiscal instruments, negotiated agreements, and informational tools.
The rapid technological advancement over the past decade has fueled an enormous demand for the integration of modern networking, informational and computational tools with classical pedagogical instruments.
We demonstrate that an optimal allocation of firms to instruments can be achieved despite substantial informational constraints, and that all firms gain from the introduction of the instrument choice compared to optimally designed single-instrument policies.
Banks more subject to informational problems will be more reluctant to issue instruments with high discounts due to asymmetric costs.
Some of this has to do with the sheer complexity of these instruments, which set up lots of informational and valuation asymmetries (often, as Smith suggests, designed in); but that's been going on forever too (complexity being relative: see subprime mortgages), which explains the traditional fixation on transparency.
