Without the information and testimony provide by confidential informers, the Justice Department might not have been able to disable the Ku Klux Klan in the 1960's, although its informants were accused of participating in or even promoting some of the Klan's violent acts.
But presidents have certainly been subpoenaed for information or testimony before.
The group wanted to use the information in testimony before the City Council about how effectively the city was testing children.
And companies like Google, whose search and advertising business is based on exploiting and organizing online information, are testimony to the power of intelligent data sifting.
"The commission will not be complete, however, until it has the powers in law that it needs, such as full and specific authority to subpoena information and testimony".
But information and testimony collected by Congressional committees strongly suggest that Mr. Rich's legal team certainly thought some of the Democratic Party's biggest contributors could be powerful allies in their quest for a pardon.
Mr. Kimes, left, appeared at a hearing on Monday in Clinton County Court, where his lawyer, Andrew Wylie, unexpectedly told a judge that they would not present any additional information or testimony.
Without the information and testimony provided by such double-dealers, the Justice Department might not have been able to break the Ku Klux Klan during the 1960's, prosecute the Mafia during the 1980's or prevent acts of international terrorism during the 1990's.
When trials are used as the primary mechanism of transitional justice, their very subjection to the rules of evidence means that some important information (namely testimony that does not pertain to specific indictments, or evidence obtained without full due process etc).
The presumption shall be that the requested information or testimony shall be provided to Congress.
That statement is only true for the CDC, the AAP and the vaccine makers who've been ignoring mountains of scientific information and testimony.
