We developed a refined exposure model and implemented it using a geographic information system to estimate the average daily census enumeration area (EA) exposure to PM 2.5).
Using data from the California Pesticide Use Reporting system, we employed a geographic information system to estimate the amount of methyl bromide applied within 5 km of a woman's residence during pregnancy.
Using KPCO's cost management information system, we estimated annualized costs of care for services provided after the index back pain visit by type of utilization resource including outpatient, inpatient, hospital, pharmacy, and CT and MRI radiology procedures for the 24 months following the LBP index visit.
In the absence of a viable vital registration system or reliable mortality statistics from the health information system, AIDS mortality estimates have been dependent on mathematical models[28] which could be quite different from the reality on the ground[26].
AirGIS is based on a geographical information system and provides estimates of traffic-related air pollution with high temporal and address level spatial resolution.
27 This web-based mapping/geographic information system provides valid estimates of road distances at low cost, it has fewer usability problems than other similar systems, 28 and it has been used previously in healthcare.
Distinct from a geographical information system (GIS), which estimates driving time based on the lengths of roads and road speed limits [ 31, 32], Google Maps considers the actual traffic conditions on roads.
However, since 2011, the new health management information system of Ethiopia estimates primary healthcare coverage based on ratios of primary healthcare units (health centre and health post) to population (15).
Because CWS service areas do not follow census boundaries, we used two spatial approaches in geographic information systems to estimate demographic variables for each CWS.
Worldwide, administrative data tend to be the primary source used by health information systems to estimate immunization coverage and to guide decision-makers and Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) managers in planning and monitoring immunization programmes and assessing their performance.
