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Contrary to deterministic signaling (i.e., employing a fixed constellation), a stochastic signaling approach is adopted by treating the signal values transmitted for each information symbol over each channel as random variables.
is the transmitted information symbol with unit energy.
where d n denotes the (complex) information symbol and w n is its associated beamforming vector.
Also, x is the normalized information symbol, i.e., (mathbb {E}{|{x}|^{2}}=1).
The decision device finally selects the information symbol with the maximum APP in the last iteration.
Let a ∈ G F(q = 2 p ) be an information symbol.
After all, deciding upon the transmitted information symbol is nothing but a class assignment task.
The nodes of the same level represent all the solutions of a complex information symbol.
M represents the information symbol length of the mobile crowd transmission data signal.
If, a repetition code is introduced, that is, pulses are used for the transmission of the same information symbol.
Every chip of the spreading code representing a fraction of the information symbol is transmitted through an active subcarrier.
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