The question then is, how far does such information spread and what effects can it have?
Cracks came as information spread, especially about the system's bogus history and economic failings.
And it may seem intuitive that different kinds of information spread differently on the Web.
The story of these provocations looks like a typical "utka" (duck) – untrustworthy information spread around the media that finds sympathy among an excitable pro-Russian audience.
The biologist Richard Dawkins coined the term: a meme is a unit of cultural information spread among people like a gene.
"I think this subject of privacy is a ticking time bomb, and we better pay attention to it, because people do not want their personally identifiable medical and financial information spread all over every place," Mr. Nelson said.
But villagers in Hazar Qadam have said they suspected that the United States was misled by false information spread by one of the two factions in town vying for control of weapons left behind by the Taliban.
By mapping information spread across thousands of cheap computers and by creating an easier means for writing analytical queries, engineers no longer have to solve a grand computer science challenge every time they want to dig into data.
He adds that one of the worst things you can do is try to remove things after the fact, which can make the negative information spread further and faster – a phenomenon commonly known as the "Streisand effect".
The terror group's propaganda arm has made numerous statements about the "false information" spread by media outlets including Al Jazeera and Al Arabiya, as well as many Western broadcasters like the BBC.
If you read a sampling of books and other advice on leadership, a recurring theme emerges: managers should be more "interactive" and less "command and control," meaning they should share rather than hoard information, spread decision making and initiative across all levels of the company, and make clear that individual goals can be met only through team success.
