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This limitation is due to limited information of building layouts.
However, the conventional approaches mainly operate path planning on 2D drawings or building layouts by simply considering geometric information, while losing abundant semantic information of building components.
In order to integrate BIM with a game engine, the geometry information of building elements with their reference IDs are transferred from the BIM application (i.e., Revit) to the game engine (i.e., Unreal Engine).
As a major data exchange standard for Building Information Modeling (BIM), the IFC standard is capable of restoring both geometric information and rich semantic information of building components to support lifecycle data sharing.
The modelling work involves three tasks (Tang et al., 2010): (1) modelling geometry information of building components; (2) assigning a BIM object category (i.e. wall, column, door or window) to a component and adding related properties such as material type, demolition cost, and recycling method; and (3) establishing relationships between components, for instance, window1 is linked to wall1.
Whilst traditional two dimensional GIS stores the information of X and Y axis, the recent three dimensional GIS includes the information of building height and other information is useful to urban planners when they make decision in change in use of land.
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An innovative design approach is required to drive the minimisation of embodied carbon using objective performance information of buildings behaviour.
In the built-up areas in SAR images, shadows and roads form black and netlike structures, which provide the main contextual information of buildings.
Hence, besides the spatial extent of buildings, background information of a building always includes four attributes: number of rooms, number of storeys, structure type, and construction cost.
Energy simulation (ES) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can play an important role in building design by providing complementary information of the building performance.
The geometrical information of this building is presented in Table 1 (Kowalczyk et al. 1995).
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