This technique provides clinically relevant information by calculating in-vivo joint contact patterns during dynamic conditions and overcomes many limitations associated with conventional techniques for quantifying joint mechanics.
Using directionality information to calculate in-degree and out-degree centrality of the KEGG R-GSN, we can find the sink, "Pathways in cancer", and the source, "Cell cycle", gene sets.
The confusion matrix and transmitted information are calculated in the usual way.
39 The value of information calculates the expected improvement in the decision that would be achieved by eliminating epistemic uncertainty.
These constraints are satisfied by the Shannon information entropy [ 49] calculated in bits as (8) H = − (q log 2 q + (1 − q ) log 2 (1 − q ) ), assuming two possible alternative states of the mathematically modeled system (e.g., an enzyme that is either active when free or inactivated when antibody-bound, or a cell that has either survived or died following challenge with a toxin).
As all the retrieved quantitative data were thus found expressed as percentages (i.e., of either inhibition or survival), these were converted into fractional form to obtain values of the empirical quotient q in (3) and were interpreted accordingly as probabilities, for which corresponding values of the information entropy H were calculated in bits using (8).
Mutual information can be calculated in the form of KL divergence KL in (5), where p y denotes the probability density function (PDF) of a random vector y, p y n denotes the n th marginal PDF of y, and z is a dummy variable for the integral [16].
Prior model selection for each partition was determined using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) calculated in MrModeltest 2.3 [ 46] in conjunction with PAUP (Table 2).
In total, information gain was calculated in ten subsets, corresponding to combinations of the five 'extreme' tail α-values, with or without the intermediate class.
