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Probable (or causal) reasoning helps us discover cause and effect relations among objects of experience conducive to the realization of pre-selected ends, but such information about cause and effect can never motivate action on its own: "It can never in the least concern us to know, that such objects are causes, and such others effects, if both causes and effects be indifferent to us" (T 414).
The mortality data available for this project did not include information about cause of death.
Notably, cross-sectional studies cannot provide definite information about cause - and- effect relationships since both predictor and outcome variables have been measured at the same point in time.
In addition, while case control studies can identify relationships between possible risk factors and the occurrence of disease, it provides no information about cause and effect.
Assessing the underlying cause of death was sometimes difficult due to the poor quality of the information on the death certificates, although only 10 death certificates completely lacked information about cause of death.
This exploratory study could be duplicated in other settings where additional information about cause of death would be beneficial and where community perceptions about post-mortem exam are unknown.
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Information about causes of death is essential to inform policy and programme performance.
This is a cross-sectional study and it may not provide definitive information about cause-and-effect relationships.
For the analysis of death from breast cancer, we excluded 38 women who were enrolled after 31 December 2008, since we did not have information about cause-specific death after this date.
Secondly, standardized approaches to adjustment for several potential confounding factors, assessment of risk factors in 61,074 participants and information about cause-specific deaths from widely validated verbal autopsy methods contribute to the strength of the study.
Dear Editor, With interest we have read the article by Fedorowski et al. [1], which provides valuable information about cause-specific mortality in middle-aged subjects with orthostatic hypotension.
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