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Our findings suggest that the management of tensions related to information in coopetitive projects requires a combination of formal control mechanisms (to manage information criticality) and informal control mechanisms (to manage information appropriability).
Third, because formal control mechanisms were insufficient to address critical information that was also appropriable, we show how project managers implemented informal control mechanisms.
As such, preferences for honesty are a stronger informal control for subordinates with higher NAI.
They have also gained informal control of key Sunni Muslim regions they helped clear of Islamic State occupation.
In this context, the extensive care and concern shown by an empowering leader could be seen as an intrusion or even an attempt at informal control.
Explicit embedding of the economy within the framework of government and society provides a natural, both formal and informal, control system.
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Police action is needed only when such informal controls have proved insufficient.
The relative weakness of informal controls is attributable to a number of factors.
Decentralization and partner trust affected the use of internal and external informal controls.
The controls for ECWS are classified into controls for system continuity, access controls, communication controls, and informal controls.
These two purposes can be achieved with a variety of mechanisms, ranging from formal to informal controls and from process to outcome controls.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com