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Second, Atta ants sequester their gardens in underground chambers that shelter gardens against influx of pathogens and that reduce cross-infection between gardens.
To combat this constant influx of pathogens, the respiratory tract is lined with airway surface liquid consisting of a mucus layer and a periciliary layer (PCL) [ 1].
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As an example, pathogens are likely to enter rivers from many potential sources, including lateral inputs from pastures and riparian zones, influx of pathogen-contaminated groundwater, direct deposit of fecal matter from livestock and wildlife, discharge of contaminated sanitary sewer flows, and wastewater treatment plant effluents.
Direct influx of potential pathogens into the marine environment (e.g. through sewage effluent disposal), has been suggested as a causal mechanism for white pox which affects elkhorn Acropora corals in the Caribbean [85].
Although the influx of antibiotic-resistant pathogens into the hospital would not change, early detection would reduce the time colonised patients might have to disseminate pathogens.
Because normal mucociliary clearance is an extremely effective way to combat the continual influx of inspired microbial pathogens, many infectious organisms have developed mechanisms to interfere with and combat this process.
It explains, why time-shifted inoculations of different udder quarters with the same (low) pathogen titer caused influx of leukocytes only in the udder quarter first infected [ 12, 17].
Military use of pathogens is as old as human conflict.
The results show that the influence of pathogens has been underestimated, with 89.3% of childhood diarrhoea cases caused by pathogens.
If it could be perfected, dozens of vaccine candidates for dozens of pathogens could be tested without having to grow buckets of those pathogens in labs.
Collins believes that it will be applied to a wide of pathogens in future applications.
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