Apart from a well-established link between mental rotational abilities and navigational learning abilities, recent studies point to an influence of trait anxiety on the formation of internal cognitive spatial representations.
However, numerous studies have investigated the observed patterns of phenotypic matching between interacting plants and insects and here we focus on the predictability of the influence of trait magnitudes on the scale and direction of trait mismatch across species pairs.
In this paper we primarily explore the influence of trait magnitude on the scale and direction of trait mismatches (or armament imbalances) between interacting plants and insects (i.e. the slope of the regression), and in particular ask whether the patterns of mismatch are predictable.
Studies that have examined the influence of trait anger come to the conclusion that even after adjusting standard risk factors such as age, race, body mass index, education, and smoking, a correlation with carotid artery atherosclerosis [ 9, 10] or high blood pressure [ 3] can be proven.
But very often, complex problems can be solved with the influence of traits from one person to other or from one group to other groups in the society.
Matthews also suggests that the influence of traits on decision-making process will be more distributed than implied by Ferguson (2012).
These approaches can also simultaneously take into account multiple environmental variables, such as native water availability, temperature, and soil traits, thereby potentially minimizing (or maximizing) the influence of traits that affect more than one environmental factor.
Indeed, health anxious individual are more likely to pay more attention to health relevant stimuli (Ferguson, Moghaddam, & Bibby, 2007) and there is also a wide literature on the influence of traits on cognitive processes in general (Kumari, Ffytche, Williams, & Gray, 2004; Matthews, 1997; Matthews & Gilliland, 1999; Shaw et al., 2010).
Here, I have considered only a single trait and ignored pleiotropic effects, which are well-known to influence rates of trait evolution [47]; future work should investigate the intersection of networks and pleiotropy.
If each gene coded just a single trait and each trait were coded by just one gene, the phenomenon of frequency dependence of the influence of the trait on fitness would concern a relatively low number of traits.
Possible explanations include a shared genetic basis for reading and cognition (as shown by, e.g., Harlaar, Hayiou-Thomas, & Plomin, 2005; Haworth, Meaburn, Harlaar, & Plomin, 2007), or influences of traits that themselves underpin reading, such as orthographic representation, on the development of verbal cognitive ability (Martin et al., 2009).
