Sentence examples for infinitesimal effects from inspiring English sources

The phenotypes were corrected for sex, batch, carcass weight and additive infinitesimal effects using Qxpak 5 [ 34].

Combining the bottom-up and top-down genetic variation may lead to a less clear result since infinitesimal effects contributed more to the additive genetic variance than markers, and the estimates of this component were close to each other when using two approaches (Table 2).

Learning can be virtually complete even if each agent has only an infinitesimal effect on congestion costs.

Since Sax's experiments with beans in 1923 [ 23] we know however, that there are so called quantitative trait loci (QTL) that have a bigger than infinitesimal effect and that these loci can be mapped i.e. via linkage analyses.

Significance thresholds were empirically computed using 1000 simulations under the null hypothesis, assuming an infinitesimal polygenic model (i.e. the trait is controlled by an infinite number of additive loci, each with infinitesimal effect and is thus not influenced by a major QTL) and a normal distribution of performance traits [ 21].

It is now generally assumed that QTL allelic effects do not represent an infinitesimal effect distribution, but follow an exponential distribution [ 27] with a few loci with moderate to large effects, and increasingly larger numbers of loci with increasingly smaller effects [ 15].

Instead of capturing infinitesimal polygenic effects, PLINK relies on standard linear models where family-related effects (i.e. sire-mean-adjusted) must be accounted for by appropriate regression coefficients.

If appropriate, the regression can readily be extended to include a polygenic component with kinship-based variance-covariance structure to account for infinitesimal marker effects and/or background QTL.

Equation 4 has the same form as the "animal model" (e.g., Henderson 1984; Mrode 2014) widely used in animal breeding, y = Z u + e, (7 where u is the vector of infinitesimal additive effects and Z is the associated incidence matrix.

The bivariate models were similar to the basic model nevertheless the (co variances of the infinitesimal genetic effects are A ⊗, where ⊗ denotes the Kronecker product and the y and z subindices correspond to the two traits, the respective content of each FA in BF and IMF.

In this analysis, the infinitesimal genetic effect was included and treated as a random effect (u o) with covariance matrix, Aσu (where A is the numerator relationship matrix).