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Infinitesimal area.
According to such distribution, the probability of having one node in the infinitesimal area δ A is ρ′δ A, where ρ′ denotes the nodes' density [32].
Its eigenvalues and eigenvectors give the shape and orientation of an ellipsoid representing an initially spherical infinitesimal area in the retina.
Infinitesimal area element d 2 σ is introduced as d 2 σ = − 1 2 ( d x d y ′ − d y d x ′ ).
The normal propagation of convex and concave iso-surface infinitesimal area elements produces stretching and reduction, respectively, superposed to tangential flow strain rate effects.
Then the infinitesimal force of the infinitesimal area can be expressed as: d F = 2 π x p cos θ + f sin θ d s (19) Figure 8 Mechanics analysis of the front nose.
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To calculate movement of a surface point P using the stochastic model, an excavation panel can be divided into infinitesimal areas.
According to the principle of integrated subsidence effect of the excavation panels, the consequence would be equal to the sum of the effects caused by those infinitesimal areas.
First, we consider the radiation energy dE′ emitted from an infinitesimal surface area of the central star dS′ within the pencil designated by the solid angle dΩ. and within the time interval dt.
They only investigated a finite sum of finite triangular areas, but our theory of the triangular integral [5, 6] treats infinite sum of infinitesimal triangular areas.
Only a small minority of our incoming emails are about spelling and grammar – off the top of my head, well under 5% – and this makes sense, because the Guardian's error rate in these areas is statistically infinitesimal set against daily wordage published.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com