In all reconstructions, there were many more inferred shifts from bee- to bird-pollination syndrome than the reverse (Table 1).
Because we have conducted the first quantitative tests of shifts in diversification at higher taxonomic levels in Hymenoptera, most of the inferred shifts are entirely novel hypotheses.
The biological pertinence of the distinction between shifts and drifts seems remarkable in Figure 3. Inferred shifts are found mostly in intergenic regions that a priori correspond to possible positions for transcriptional promoters and terminators.
Then, to assess the holistic effects of N deprivation and identify the mechanism involved in the diatoms, we examined changes in their levels of neutral lipids, oil bodies, fatty acid profiles, chloroplast structure, photosynthetic parameters, gene expression patterns and inferred shifts in fluxes through key metabolic pathways.
First, the geography of the lineages and their splitting events is reconstructed subjectively via reference to inferred paleodistributional shifts rather than incorporating geography and paleoenvironmental conditions explicitly.
Inferred distribution shifts across the current zone of asymmetric mitochondrial DNA introgression suggest post-glacial displacement of T. karelinii by T. macedonicus.
The next sections briefly describe the geography and timing of the inferred six shifts between semi-arid habitats, woodland, and forest.
In the first case, the number of inferred host-plant shifts should be distinctly lower than the number of speciation events that are required to produce the extant herbivore species, whereas, in the latter case, the number of inferred host shifts should be close to the number of lineage splits.
Although the directions of the inferred IR boundary shifts are the same in both S. noctiflora and S. conica, the magnitudes of the expansions and contractions differ (fig. 1).
