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We also demonstrate that the Amaranthaceae has relatively high numbers of species per inferred gain, indicating a more conserved pattern of salt tolerance evolution compared to the other families in the analysis.
To estimate the NoTO for each family subtree, we inferred the minimum number of gains and losses of salt tolerance required to explain the observed topological distribution of halophyte tips, and then calculated the average number of halophyte tips per inferred gain.
These losses were only to a small extent offset by inferred gain of new genes.
For the number of tips per origin (NoTO), p-values represent whether the average number of halophytes arising from each inferred gain of salt tolerance is smaller expected under Brownian motion (p < 0.05).
Based on the inferred origin of each clan and the inferred gain or loss of genes within each clan, we deduced a complete picture of the evolutionary history of P450 genes in these four fungi.
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Another method, PARADIGM-Shift was developed to utilize pathway-level information along with other features (such as expression, methylation, copy number) to infer gain and loss of function for mutations.
However, although the developers of the stochastic mapping approach had performed initial performance evaluation (Nielsen 2002; Huelsenbeck et al. 2003), a rigorous comparison between maximum parsimony and the stochastic mapping for the task of inferring gain and loss events to specific branches is still missing.
In the consecutive step, the resulting simulated phyletic pattern and the species tree (only topology) are given as input for both the maximum parsimony and the stochastic mapping methods, which infer gain and loss events for each gene family and for each branch.
We also demonstrated that ExonFinder is capable of inferring gain- and loss-of-ASV events, which may be valuable for evolutionary studies in the era of transcriptomics.
Estimates of sex-biased gene expression in D. ananassae were used to infer gains or losses of sex-biased expression within the melanogaster group.
Here we only infer gains of salt tolerance that lead to extant salt tolerant species, as our aim is to infer the minimum number of independent gains needed to explain the extant phylogenetic distribution of halophytes.
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