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Typically, principles of direct inference are proposed as principles for inferring subjective or epistemic probabilities from beliefs about objective chance (e.g., Pollock).
Logical rules of inference are usually understood as definitory rules.
Many of the methods of statistical inference are described in this article.
(1) Rules of inference are normative rather than descriptive.
All processes of inference are based on the principle of substitution.
For rules of inference are indispensable for proof of any deductive conclusion.
Such inference are called 'kevalānvayin' or 'universally positive' (cf. TS 55).
No rules of inference are specified, but substitution and modus ponens are used.
Pre-Aristotelian evidence for reflection on argument forms and valid inference are harder to come by.
These rules of inference are endorsed by both Stoic logic and modern classical logic, amongst others.
Several other plausible principles of scientific inference are also captured by the Bayesian formalism.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com