As described by Giacchi et al. [17], bone remodelling is an adaptive process, in which osteoblasts and osteoclasts can be variably involved, that can be triggered by mechanical factors (pressure, in nasal polyposis and mucocele) as well as inflammatory mediators or infectious agents (bacterial invasion of periosteum and bone).
The dichotomy between a strain's proclivity to cause local and systemic disease is entirely consistent with the spectrum of human disease caused by Sp. The clinical challenge remains to differentiate those patient-strain combinations that will result in infectious spread by invasion or dispersion, from those that will have self-limited disease.
The innate stress response system evolved to counteract invasion by infectious agents.
After invasion of infectious metacyclic trypomastigotes in the mammalian host, T. cruzi infects a variety of cell types such as macrophages and fibroblasts.
To prevent the invasion of infectious diseases, including rabies, through animals imported into Japan, the Notification System for the Importation of Animals, authorized by the Infectious Diseases Control Law, has been in force since September 2005 (27 ).
Such duplications increased the number of chemokine genes, particularly inflammatory genes, and might have provided a survival advantage to zebrafish, which is a fresh water fish in temperate regions and possibly confronted with a constant threat of invasion by infectious agents.
Most cases of gastroenteritis are linked with the invasion of infectious agents like bacteria and viruses.
This formulation represents two mechanisms of spread which result in highly peaked and long-tailed distributions of dispersal distances (i.e., local and long-distance spread), commonly observed in the spread of infectious diseases and biological invasions.
Early Edison mixes the alternative toughness of the late-1980's Minneapolis music scene and the lyrical and infectious melodicism of succeeding British invasion bands.
