This leaves us with the basic reproduction ratio prior to detection, defined as the expected number of secondary infections per infected in a susceptible population before detection, R 0 pre.
Cells were infected in a centrifuge spin-infection step (1500 RPM, 37°C, 20 min) following a 2-hr incubation with polybrene or protamine sulfate, and viral medium was added to the cells overnight.
Even though we found that a substantial proportion of patients were infected or were suspected of being infected in a group that was not thought to be infected preoperatively, the consequences of this finding remain to be seen.
Type II resistance restricts spread of the fungus in infected tissue and is measured by the number of spikelets infected in a spike beyond an initial inoculated infection site on the spike.
Because Babesia sp. EU1 can be transmitted both transovarially and transstadially (10 ), the infection source may have been the offspring of a tick infected in a previous generation or an immature tick that fed on infected roe deer outside the zoo or an as yet unidentified reservoir host and was carried into the reindeer's compound by hosts, such as birds or small rodents.
More importantly, we here show that both aged and CD8-deficient non-human primates also resolve viral infection and fail to exhibit clinical symptoms of WNV disease when infected in a manner similar to the natural course of infection with a high dose of the virus.
It is tempting to speculate that virgins may slow or alter oocyte progression when infected in a way that improves their ability to fight infection, and that it may be maladaptive or physiologically impossible for mated females to do the same.
These infected but retained prostheses, treated in situ without removal, are not recorded as infected in a register that is based on removal or exchange of prosthesis parts.
Thus, following the same approach as in [ 10], for a susceptible individual not to become infected in a unit time interval, none of the contacts must result in infection.
