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Several insect pathogen groups must be ingested to initiate infection (baculoviruses, bacteria), whereas fungi infect through the insect cuticle and nematodes enter through body orifices or wounds.
The wild type strain was beginning to infect through the stomata at 4 days after infection while the gene disruption strain did not penetrate the host tissue.
Growth of this virus on Cre-expressing cells removed the pK coding sequence, generating virus that could only infect through alternative ligands, such as a tyrosine kinase receptor A (TrkA -binding moTrkA -bindingd into the capsid fibre protein for enhanced infection of neuronal cells.
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is highly effective against agents that infect through mucosal surfaces (see, for example, [ 14]).
The wheat pathogen Stagonospora nodorum is another necrotroph shown to infect through a gene-for-gene mechanism [ 18– 218.
Pathogens that can infect through alternative routes are particularly interesting systems with which to test the evolutionary and physiological consequences of infection through different routes.
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These species become infected through contact with infected wild mice, and can pass the infection to humans.
A) Table 1 indicates the number of SIV V1/V2 variants present in the sample at each time point after infection from three macaques infected through the intravenous route (IV) and three macaques infected through the mucosal (M) route.
The susceptibles are composed of individuals that have not contracted the infection but may get infected through contacts (sexual, blood transfusion etc).
Similarly in Thailand, two relatives of an infected patient likely became infected through unprotected hospital care [44].
Humans become infected through consumption of infective metacercariae from raw or undercooked crustaceans.
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