In contrast, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 responses to most agonists were robust at birth and remained stable through to 12 mo of age in Gambian infants relative to those in developed countries.
The z-score refers to the exact number of standard deviations greater or smaller than the median, and is used to monitor the growth of the infant relative to the expected intrauterine growth rate.
The z-score refers to the exact number of standard deviations greater or smaller than the median, and is used to monitor the growth of an infant relative to the expected intrauterine growth rate [ 10].
We would argue that even after the INTERGROWTH-21st growth charts [ 24] are available, there may still be a use for both postnatal longitudinal and intrauterine-based growth charts to assess the growth of preterm infants relative to their the normative standard.
The purpose of this study was to determine the risk of primary cesarean section and assisted vaginal delivery among mothers of large FHC infants (≥37 cm) relative to mothers of average FHC infants (34 cm), and risk of fetal distress and low Apgar score among large FHC infants relative to average FHC infants, in the ethnically diverse population of Washington State, USA.
Thus, the similar cost per infant for moderate preterm infants relative to early preterm infants is reflective of the higher survival rate in moderate preterm infants which results in a greater proportion of infants incurring costs throughout childhood.
However, substantial societal burden is associated with late prematurity due to the larger number of late preterm infants relative to early and moderate preterm infants.
It assesses the gross motor performance of infants relative to a norm-referenced sample aged 0 18 months [ 48, 49].
The effect of diet on the composition of the infant microbiota is not clear; numerous studies report a lower abundance of bifidobacteria in the microbiota of formula-fed infants relative to breast-fed infants [ 15, 16], yet other reports have found no such differences [ 17].
The accelerated growth in weight of Pakistani infants, relative to White infants, after 12 months, resulted in no significant differences in BMI between ethnic groups at 24 months of age (p-values > 0·4).
