Boys had higher mortality than girls in any analysis that included young infants: hazard ratios ranged from 1.15 (p < 0.01) in under-5s to 1.23 in under-1s (p < 0.001) and 1.40 in under-2 molds olds (p < 0.001), signifying that the increased hazard of death was concentrated in the neonatal period.
In a population-based cohort, a positive linear relation was reported between birth weight, and childhood ALL and AML (Paltiel et al, 2004; Mclaughlin et al, 2006), more marked in AML among infants (hazard ratio=8.14, 95% CI: 1.8 38.9 at age 0 1 years), being particularly strong among female infants (P=0.001) (Paltiel et al, 2004).
SGA infants were at a significantly increased hazard of infant mortality compared with those who were AGA, but there was no difference in mortality between the term and preterm births.
In Cox regression analysis, late antenatal attendance (≥ 28 weeks gestation) relative to attending in the first trimester was a predictor for infant LTFU (adjusted hazards ratio = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.0 to 5.1; p = 0.044).
Children born multiple births were more than twice as likely to die during infancy as infants born singleton (hazard ratio = 2.19; 95% confidence interval: 1.50, 3.19) holding other factors constant.
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Interestingly, cumulative risk factors in an individual infant significantly increased the hazard ratio (Fig. 2), from 4.3 (95 % CI 1.0 18.8) with one risk factor to 24.3 (95 % CI 5.1 114.6) with four risk factors.
Furthermore, less public expenditure on health appeared to be a key hazard to infant survival [15], [32], a finding that has also been observed in the European setting [17].
In Bangladesh decreased hazard of infant deaths was observed for poor women participating in development programs [ 32].
However, more vulnerable population subgroups (highly exposed person and the highly exposed infant) were subject to hazard index values greater than unity.
