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Atkinson thinks that the division between inequality of outcome and inequality of opportunity is largely false.
"Private schooling turns inequality of outcome into inequality of opportunity – as the wealthy buy better outcomes for their children.
He believes that tackling inequality of outcome is a very good way to tackle inequality of opportunity.
It concluded that the way insurers calculated their premiums "has definitely produced an inequality of outcome to the detriment of BME [black and minority ethnic] groups".
Although mindful of a recent firecracker of an essay by David Lipsey on "The Meretriciousness of Meritocracy" – describing equality of opportunity, when combined with serious inequality of outcome, as "the worst possible recipe for a harmonious society", I think not.
The social-science literature includes a complicated debate about the relationship between inequality of outcome (differences of income and of wealth) and inequality of opportunity (differences in education and employment).
Similar(52)
Inequality of outcomes and inequality of opportunity reinforce each other — and contribute to economic weakness, as Alan B. Krueger, a Princeton economist and the chairman of the White House Council of Economic Advisers, has emphasized.
Equally, inequality of outcomes might be acceptable if the gaps are between young people and older folk, so may shrink over time.
Alternatively, Reich could have invoked American values: a grotesquely skewed inequality of outcomes is bound to tip the playing field for the next generation of Americans, mocking the nation's commitment to equality of opportunity.
Thus inequality, earlier measured in terms of income or consumption, has now got extended to cover many other standard of living dimensions such as inequality of outcomes in health, education, and basic infrastructure, among others (Son, 2013).
They struggle to find a causal relationship between inequality of outcomes and upward mobility (citing Deirdre Bloome's recent work on the subject), but do suggest that it can reduce inequality of opportunity.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com